Cost of Developing Metaverse: A Complete Guide - Ideausher
Cost of Developing Metaverse

Welcome to the fascinating world of the Metaverse! As technology continues to advance at an unprecedented pace, the concept of the Metaverse has captured the imagination of people around the globe. But what exactly is the Metaverse, and how much does it cost to develop one?

In this blog, we will delve into the intricacies of the Metaverse and explore the factors that contribute to its development cost. From virtual reality headsets to blockchain technology, we will uncover the key components that make the Metaverse a complex and immersive digital realm.

So, if you are curious about the future of virtual worlds and the investment required to bring them to life, let’s embark on this exciting journey together to discover the cost of developing the Metaverse!

What is Metaverse?

The metaverse is like an amazing, interactive virtual world created by blending advanced technology and digital realms. It’s like the next level of the Internet! You know how the Internet started with those cool online communities and bulletin boards? Well, the metaverse takes that to a whole new level.

Imagine being in a virtual space where everything feels real, and you can do more than just send messages. You can actually see and talk to people through videos, as if you’re right there with them. It’s all about making social interactions way more immersive and fun!

What’s really cool about the metaverse is that it’s made possible by combining a bunch of awesome technologies and trends. Things like Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) play a big part in creating this magical virtual experience. There’s also the AR cloud, adaptable work methods, the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, and Spatial technologies, all working together to make the metaverse a reality.

Think of the metaverse as a place where different activities and experiences from separate virtual worlds come together. It’s like bringing everything into one big, fantastic space where you can explore and have fun!

Key Market Insights

Metaverse Market Size
Image Credits: Precedence Research

The global metaverse market reached a value of USD 68.49 billion in 2022 and is projected to exceed USD 1.3 trillion by 2030, with a remarkable CAGR of 44.5% during the forecast period from 2022 to 2030.

The concept of the metaverse is still evolving, and its precise definition is not yet well-established. It comprises multiple digital worlds that aim to enhance and deepen virtual social interactions. By integrating immersive 3D layers into the web, the metaverse offers more authentic user experiences. It holds the potential to increase accessibility, democratize access to services and experiences, and break barriers.

The metaverse’s impact can be far-reaching, influencing customer experiences, employee engagement, community building, product innovation, and marketing and sales strategies. Leaders must engage in strategic discussions to understand how this virtual world could shape the future in the years to come.

Use-Cases of Metaverse

The Metaverse is a versatile technology with immense potential across various industries, offering exciting and innovative solutions that are reshaping how we work, learn, and interact in the digital world.

1. Gaming

Metaverse technology is a game-changer for the gaming industry. It allows players to interact with each other in a shared virtual space, offering an immersive and social gaming experience. Games like The Sandbox, Sorare, and Axie Infinity are successful examples of Metaverse-based gaming.

2. Virtual Travel and Tourism

Metaverse enables virtual tourism, allowing users to explore destinations they can’t visit physically. Using AR and VR, users can experience 360° virtual tours of various locations, providing an engaging and realistic travel experience.

3. Education and Learning

The Metaverse enhances learning experiences by offering VR-based education. Students can participate in immersive virtual classrooms, watch live experiments, and access high-quality educational resources from around the world, eliminating language barriers.

4. Remote Work and Collaboration

Metaverse creates virtual workspaces where remote teams can collaborate and communicate as lifelike avatars. It transforms traditional video conferencing into more engaging and interactive meetings.

5. Virtual Real Estate

Real estate professionals can utilize Metaverse in real estate to offer virtual property tours to potential buyers. It allows clients to explore properties in real-time, saving time and resources for both agents and customers.

6. Healthcare

In the healthcare sector, Metaverse in healthcare opens new channels for telemedicine and telehealth. Doctors and patients can interact in virtual 3D clinics, and therapies can be conducted in a relaxed digital environment.

7. Banking and Finance

Metaverse enhances banking experiences by providing a 360-degree view of physical banks from any location. It also facilitates the use of blockchain technology and DeFi cryptocurrency assets.

8. Social Media and Entertainment

Metaverse transforms social media and entertainment by offering a new level of user engagement. Users can communicate using digital avatars and experience more immersive and interactive content.

9. E-Commerce and Virtual Markets

Businesses can create virtualized spaces for e-commerce, offering customers a more engaging and realistic shopping experience. Interactive marketing content and virtual trade negotiations become possible within the Metaverse.

10. Digital Art and NFT Marketplaces

Metaverse technology empowers the creation, ownership, and trading of digital assets like NFTs. Artists can showcase their work in exciting NFT marketplaces within the Metaverse.

11. Supply Chain and Manufacturing

The Metaverse can be utilized in supply chain management to improve transparency and traceability of products. It offers an innovative way to track and visualize the movement of goods.

12. Social Inclusivity and Community Building

Metaverse fosters a sense of community by connecting individuals from different parts of the world. It breaks down physical barriers, enabling diverse groups to interact and socialize in a shared virtual space.

13. Event Hosting and Conferences

The Metaverse can host virtual events and conferences, providing attendees with a more interactive and engaging experience compared to traditional video conferencing.

14. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration

Metaverse can integrate AI technology to create more realistic and interactive virtual environments, enhancing user experiences and personalization.

15. Personal Development and Training

Metaverse offers opportunities for personal development and training through simulations and experiential learning. Users can improve skills in a virtual setting.

16. Social Impact and Charity Initiatives

Metaverse can be used to raise awareness and funds for various social impact and charity initiatives, allowing users to participate in virtual charity events and support causes.

Benefits of Metaverse

The Metaverse is a revolutionary concept with numerous practical benefits, from transforming remote work to creating exciting gaming experiences and offering virtual tours to far-off destinations. It opens up new opportunities for monetization, creativity, education, and social connections while offering innovative solutions for various industries. 

Improved Remote Work

With the rise of remote work due to events like COVID-19, the Metaverse offers a solution by providing a virtual environment where managers can interact with their team members as avatars. This fosters more natural and in-person communication, reducing the challenges of distance.

Enhanced Healthcare Solutions

Healthcare professionals can benefit from the Metaverse as they can virtually visit patients, even in geographically remote areas. This technology allows for better patient care and diagnostics, breaking down physical barriers.

Exciting Gaming Opportunities

The Metaverse is a paradise for gamers. Most Metaverse games are decentralized, allowing for play-to-earn gaming with in-game assets represented as NFTs. Avatars can explore vast virtual spaces, creating an enticing and immersive gaming experience.

Virtual Tours

For those who can’t physically travel to their dream destinations, the Metaverse offers a way to experience these places virtually. Combining the Metaverse with Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies, users can enjoy first-person virtual tours of various locations.

Monetization Opportunities

The Metaverse attracts both development enthusiasts and individuals seeking income opportunities. Thanks to its open-source nature, anyone can build their projects on the Metaverse ecosystem. Additionally, users can create and trade NFTs, providing avenues for earning money.

Real-Time Interaction

Metaverse environments allow users to interact with others in real-time, fostering a sense of presence and social connection. This adds a new dimension to online communication and collaboration.

Creative Expression

The Metaverse empowers individuals to unleash their creativity. Users can design and build their virtual spaces, showcasing their unique ideas and artistic flair.

Business Opportunities

The Metaverse creates a thriving marketplace for various businesses. From virtual real estate to virtual goods, there are ample opportunities to develop new revenue streams and cater to a growing audience.

Innovative Learning

Education can benefit from the Metaverse by providing immersive and interactive learning experiences. Students can explore historical sites, perform science experiments, and engage with educational content in a more engaging manner.

Social Inclusivity

The Metaverse breaks down physical barriers and enables individuals from different parts of the world to connect and interact. It fosters a more inclusive society by bringing people together in a shared virtual space.

Sustainable Alternatives

With the Metaverse offering virtual experiences, there’s a potential for reducing the need for physical travel and infrastructure, contributing to a more sustainable future.

Factors Affecting the Cost of Developing a Metaverse

1. Metaverse Features

The features and functionalities you want to incorporate into the Metaverse will have a significant impact on the development cost. Advanced features like seamless interactions between users, sophisticated virtual environments, realistic physics, complex AI-driven NPCs (non-playable characters), and extensive content creation will require more resources and development time.

2. Technology Stack

The choice and integration of various technologies will influence the overall cost. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies will add complexity and cost to the development process. Additionally, integrating blockchain for secure transactions and NFT support will require specialized expertise.

3. Hardware Requirements

The hardware needed to access the Metaverse, such as VR headsets, smartphones, PCs, and laptops, will affect the cost. Supporting a wide range of devices and ensuring compatibility may require additional development efforts.

4. Infrastructure

Building a robust infrastructure to support a large number of concurrent users and ensure low latency and high-speed connectivity is crucial for a seamless experience. Creating and maintaining such infrastructure will contribute to the overall cost.

5. Security and Privacy

Ensuring high levels of security and privacy within the Metaverse ecosystem is essential. This will require investing in cybersecurity measures, encryption, secure payment gateways, and user authentication systems, which may add to the cost.

6. Digital Avatars

Developing realistic and interactive digital avatars that can accurately mimic users’ expressions and movements will involve advanced AI and animation technologies, leading to increased development costs.

7. Blockchain Integration

If the Metaverse incorporates blockchain for features like ownership of virtual assets, secure transactions, and decentralized governance, it will require blockchain developers and smart contract implementation, impacting the overall cost.

8. Content Creation

Creating high-quality 3D models, textures, animations, and interactive content for the virtual environment is a resource-intensive process. The complexity and quantity of content required will influence the cost.

9. Development Team

The size and expertise of the development team will affect the cost. Hiring skilled programmers, UI/UX developers, 3D modelers, blockchain experts, and other specialists will be an important cost consideration.

10. Geographical Location

The location of the development agency can impact costs due to variations in labor rates, infrastructure costs, and local regulations.

11. Maintenance and Upgradation

Allocating a portion of the budget for ongoing maintenance, bug fixing, and future upgrades is necessary to keep the Metaverse platform functional and up-to-date.

12. Integration of Cutting-Edge Technologies

Integrating emerging technologies like AI, machine learning, and advanced data analytics to enhance user experiences and interactions will require expertise and investment.

13. Customization and Scalability

The level of customization and scalability required for the Metaverse platform will influence the complexity and cost of development. A highly customizable and scalable platform may require more resources.

14. Testing and Quality Assurance

Rigorous testing and quality assurance to ensure a glitch-free, user-friendly, and immersive experience will add to the development cost.

15. Regulatory Compliance

Ensuring compliance with relevant regulations and legal requirements may require additional resources and investment, especially concerning data privacy and virtual asset ownership.

16. Partnerships and Licensing

Collaborating with other companies, acquiring licenses for third-party technologies or content, or integrating external services may incur additional costs.

17. Timeline and Project Complexity

The overall timeline and complexity of the development project will influence the cost. Longer and more intricate projects may require more resources and investment.

18. Integration with Existing Systems

Integrating the Metaverse platform with existing systems, databases, or services may require additional efforts and costs.

Technology Stack Required to Build Metaverse

Here is a table outlining the tech stack required to build a metaverse:

TechnologyDescriptionUse Cases in Metaverse
PythonProgramming language used to create the stacks of blocks for scenery, items, and avatars.Creating and managing virtual objects and interactions.
JavaScriptUsed for building the metaverse, including blockchain and VR/AR applications.Creating interactive and dynamic user interfaces and experiences.
3D ModelingCreating authentic 3D content, including spatial information for XR experiences.Building virtual worlds, avatars, and objects with realistic visuals and behaviors.
Artificial IntelligenceAI integration for avatars, language processing, and intelligent NPCs.Creating realistic digital twins of users, supporting natural language interactions.
Internet of Everything (IoE)Connectivity between devices to provide context-rich data for XR systems.Enabling seamless interactions with smart gadgets and IoT devices in the metaverse.
BlockchainStoring, communicating, and syncing vast amounts of data in the metaverse.Securing transactions, verifying digital identities, and managing virtual assets.
CryptocurrenciesUsed for transactions and payments within the metaverse.Replacing traditional cash for virtual transactions and in-platform economy.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs)Ensuring uniqueness and ownership of digital assets in the metaverse.Verifying ownership of virtual objects, art, and assets with NFTs.
Smart ContractsSelf-executing contracts with predefined rules to manage interactions in the metaverse.Automating virtual world regulations and governance based on user actions.
XR DevicesImmersive headsets and devices for accessing and interacting with the metaverse.Providing users with virtual reality experiences and avatar interactions.

 Here are some additional important technologies to consider for building a metaverse:

TechnologyDescriptionUse Cases in Metaverse
Virtual Reality (VR)The immersive technology that provides a virtual environment for users to interact with.Enabling users to experience and navigate virtual worlds and interact with digital objects.
Augmented Reality (AR)Overlays digital content onto the real world, enhancing the user’s perception of reality.Integrating virtual elements into the real world and facilitating mixed-reality experiences.
Mixed Reality (MR)Combining elements of both VR and AR to create seamless interactions between the virtual and real.Creating immersive experiences that seamlessly blend virtual and real-world elements.
Cloud ComputingProviding scalable and distributed resources for handling vast amounts of data and user interactions.Supporting high-performance rendering, storage, and real-time interactions in the metaverse.
5G TechnologyThe next-generation cellular network offering high data speeds and low latency.Enabling real-time, high-quality VR/AR streaming and interactions across different devices.
Spatial ComputingIntegrating virtual and real-world spatial information for enhanced user experiences.Facilitating real-time spatial mapping, object recognition, and dynamic virtual content.
Haptic FeedbackTechnology that simulates the sense of touch and physical feedback in virtual environments.Enhancing immersion by allowing users to feel and interact with virtual objects.
Gesture RecognitionDetecting and interpreting user gestures to enable natural interactions in the metaverse.Allowing users to control and manipulate virtual objects using hand gestures.
Spatial AudioProviding realistic 3D audio positioning to enhance the sense of presence in VR/AR experiences.Creating an immersive soundscape that matches the user’s perspective and location.
Edge ComputingDecentralized computing at the network edge, reducing latency and enabling real-time processing.Optimizing data processing and interactions in proximity to the user’s location.
User Identity & PrivacySecure and decentralized identity solutions to protect user data and privacy in the metaverse.Ensuring user safety and data integrity in a distributed and interconnected environment.

Team required to build the Metaverse Platform 

To build a Metaverse platform, you’ll need a talented and diverse team with various skill sets.

Independent Database Expert

You’ll need an experienced database specialist to design and manage the database architecture of the Metaverse platform. This ensures efficient storage and retrieval of vast amounts of data, including user information, virtual objects, and interactions.

Full-Stack Programmers (3-4)

These programmers should be proficient in Node.js and React.js. They will handle both the back-end and front-end development, ensuring seamless communication between the server and the user interface.

UI/UX Developer

A skilled UI/UX developer is crucial to create an intuitive and visually appealing user interface. They will focus on enhancing the overall user experience within the virtual environment.

3D Modelers (3)

These experts will be adept at using tools like Blender and Max3DS to create authentic and realistic 3D models for virtual worlds, avatars, objects, and environments.

Game Engine Developer

You need a developer well-versed in popular game engines like Unity, Unreal, and CryEngine. They will be responsible for integrating the 3D models and assets into the platform, ensuring smooth gameplay and interactions.

Decentralized Wallet Developer

This developer will handle the integration of a secure and decentralized wallet system within the Metaverse platform. This allows users to manage their virtual assets and conduct secure transactions.

Decentralized dApp Producer

A dApp (decentralized application) producer will create decentralized applications within the Metaverse, enabling various functionalities, interactions, and smart contracts.

Industry-Wise Metaverse Development Costs

1. Metaverse Online Gaming

Development Cost Range: $30,000 to $300,000

Factors Affecting Cost:Game Complexity: The more intricate and feature-rich the game mechanics are, the higher the development cost will be.

Graphic Quality: High-quality graphics and animations require skilled designers and may add to the development cost.

Multiplayer Features: Implementing seamless multiplayer functionality with server infrastructure increases the cost.

Blockchain Integration: Integrating blockchain for in-game assets, play-to-earn mechanisms, and tokenization may incur additional expenses.

Ongoing Maintenance: Regular updates, bug fixes, and community management contribute to the long-term cost.

2. Metaverse Social Media

Development Cost Range: $25,000 to $400,000

Factors Affecting Cost:

Feature Set: The number of features and functionalities, including live entertainment, collaboration, commerce, and immersive experiences, will impact the cost.

Augmented & Virtual Reality Integration: Incorporating AR and VR technologies adds to the complexity and cost of development.

User Interactivity: High levels of user interactivity and social engagement will require robust backend infrastructure.

Data Privacy & Security: Ensuring data privacy and security measures may require specialized expertise and investment.

Scalability: Creating a scalable platform to accommodate growing user bases may increase development costs.

3. Metaverse Real Estate

Development Cost Range: $15,000 to $300,000

Factors Affecting Cost:

Design Complexity: The level of detail and realism required in creating virtual real estate properties can impact the cost.

3D Modeling: Skilled 3D modelers are essential for creating realistic virtual environments and properties.

Blockchain Integration: Implementing blockchain for property ownership, transactions, and smart contracts may add to the cost.

User Interaction: Providing interactive elements for virtual property tours and customization can influence the cost.

Back-End Infrastructure: Robust server infrastructure is crucial for managing virtual real estate assets.

4. Metaverse eCommerce Platform

Development Cost Range: $50,000 to $500,000

Factors Affecting Cost:

Design Complexity: Creating an immersive and interactive shopping experience will require design expertise and add to the cost.

Virtual Currency Integration: Integrating virtual currencies and NFTs for transactions and ownership can increase development expenses.

Product Exploration: Offering interactive product exploration using AR/VR technologies may impact the overall cost.

Scalability & Security: Ensuring a secure and scalable platform to handle increased user traffic and transactions is essential but may add to the cost.

Back-End Functionality: Robust back-end infrastructure is crucial for managing eCommerce transactions in the virtual environment.

It’s important to note that these cost estimates are approximate and can vary based on the scope and specific requirements of each project. Additionally, the rapid evolution of Metaverse technologies and the growing accessibility may lead to potential cost optimizations and new opportunities in the future.

How To Develop Metaverse?

Creating a metaverse is a complex and ambitious endeavor, but I’ll break down the steps into more manageable chunks for you. Keep in mind that this is a simplified overview, and the actual process may involve a lot of technical, financial, and creative challenges. Let’s dive in:

1. Conceptualization and Planning

Start by defining your vision for the metaverse. What kind of experience do you want to create? Is it a virtual world for gaming, social interaction, education, or commerce? Gather a team of experts in various fields like game development, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and blockchain.

2. Technology Stack

Choose the technologies that will power your metaverse. This could include virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) platforms, game engines like Unity or Unreal Engine, and potentially blockchain for decentralized elements.

3. World Building

Design the virtual spaces, landscapes, buildings, and avatars that users will interact with. Create a diverse range of environments, from cities to forests to outer space, to make your metaverse engaging and immersive.

4. User Interface and Experience

Develop an intuitive and user-friendly interface that allows users to navigate seamlessly between different areas of the metaverse. Consider incorporating natural gestures, voice commands, and haptic feedback for a more immersive experience.

5. Avatar Creation

Allow users to create and customize their avatars. This could involve a wide range of options for appearance, clothing, accessories, and even unique abilities or attributes.

6. Social Interaction

Build communication tools that allow users to interact with each other. This could include text chat, voice chat, and even gesture-based communication for a more lifelike interaction.

7. Economy and Commerce

Develop a virtual economy where users can buy, sell, and trade virtual goods and services. Implement a secure and transparent system, possibly using blockchain technology, to ensure ownership and authenticity of digital assets.

8. Content Creation Tools

Provide tools that allow users to create and contribute their own content to the metaverse. This could include designing virtual objects, environments, and even mini-games.

9. Security and Privacy

Implement robust security measures to protect user data and prevent unauthorized access. Users should have control over their personal information and be able to report any inappropriate behavior.

10. Testing and Iteration

Conduct thorough testing to identify and fix any bugs, glitches, or performance issues. Gather feedback from users and make iterative improvements based on their suggestions.

11. Continuous Development

Keep enhancing and expanding your metaverse based on user feedback and technological advancements. Regularly release updates, new features, and content to keep the experience fresh and appealing.

Develop Your Metaverse With Idea Usher

Entrepreneurs should choose Idea Usher to develop their Metaverse platform for several compelling reasons:

Expertise in Next-Gen Metaverse Development

Idea Usher boasts extensive experience and expertise in developing cutting-edge Metaverse solutions. With a track record of successful projects and a team of skilled professionals, we are well-equipped to handle the complexities of Metaverse application development.

Diverse Range of Metaverse Solutions

Idea Usher offers a comprehensive range of business-oriented Metaverse technology solutions. Whether it’s NFT marketplace development, game development, real estate projects, social media integration, or other custom requirements, Idea Usher can cater to diverse use cases.

Innovative Approach to Technology

As a top app development company, Idea Usher is at the forefront of technological advancements. We stay updated with the latest trends and innovations in the Metaverse landscape, ensuring that our clients receive state-of-the-art solutions.

End-to-End Development Services

Idea Usher provides end-to-end development services, from ideation to deployment and ongoing support. Entrepreneurs can rely on our team to handle the entire development lifecycle seamlessly.

Business-Focused Solutions

Idea Usher understands the importance of creating Metaverse solutions that align with the client’s business goals. Their technology solutions are designed with a strong focus on driving business growth and success.

Experienced Team of Professionals

The team at Idea Usher consists of highly skilled and experienced professionals in various domains, including software development, design, and project management. This ensures that the Metaverse platform is developed with precision and quality.

Customer-Centric Approach

Idea Usher places great emphasis on understanding the unique needs and requirements of their clients. We collaborate closely with entrepreneurs throughout the development process to ensure that the final product meets or exceeds expectations.

Proven Track Record

With a proven track record of delivering successful projects across different industries, Idea Usher has earned a reputation for reliability and excellence in the field of app and software development.

Commitment to Innovation

The Metaverse landscape is continuously evolving, and Idea Usher is committed to staying ahead of the curve. We invest in research and development to incorporate the latest innovations and features into their Metaverse solutions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the cost of developing a Metaverse can vary significantly depending on various factors such as the complexity of the virtual world, the features and technologies incorporated, and the scale of the project. Metaverse development involves a combination of cutting-edge technologies like virtual reality, augmented reality, blockchain, and AI, which contribute to the overall cost.

If you are looking to develop a Metaverse and bring your virtual world vision to life, Idea Usher is the perfect partner to turn your dreams into reality. With our expertise in cutting-edge technologies and a team of skilled developers, we have the experience to create captivating and immersive Metaverse experiences.

At Idea Usher, we understand that each Metaverse project is unique and requires a customized approach. Whether you want to create a Metaverse platform for online gaming, social media, real estate, or eCommerce, we can tailor our solutions to meet your specific requirements.

Our development process starts with a comprehensive analysis of your goals and vision for the Metaverse. We work closely with you to understand your target audience, desired features, and budget constraints. Based on this, we create a detailed roadmap and design the virtual space to ensure an engaging and seamless user experience.

Contact us today to learn more about how we can help you with blockchain development solutions.

Hire ex-FANG developers, with combined 50000+ coding hours experience

Hire Ex - developers, with combined 50000+ coding hours experience

FAQs

Q. What is Metaverse?

A. Metaverse is an interconnected virtual world that combines AR, VR, and blockchain. Users can interact with each other and digital assets, creating immersive experiences as digital avatars. It spans various industries and offers exciting opportunities for the future.

Q. How much does the metaverse cost?

A. The Metaverse Cost can range from $10,000 to $400,000, depending on various cost factors. Hardware plays a significant role in teleporting users into the virtual world, with VR headsets being the primary medium. Additionally, smartphones, laptops, and PCs can also serve as entry points into the virtual realm. These different devices contribute to the overall development cost of the Metaverse.

Q. Why is metaverse development so expensive?

A. The cost of Metaverse development can be expensive due to the variability in project complexity and scale. Several factors influence the price, such as the level of interactivity, graphic quality, gameplay mechanics, and inclusion of multiplayer features. These aspects contribute to the overall cost, making Metaverse development a potentially costly endeavor.

Share this article
Contact Us
HR contact details
Follow us on

Idea Usher is a pioneering IT company with a definite set of services and solutions. We aim at providing impeccable services to our clients and establishing a reliable relationship.

Our Partners
Contact Us
Follow us on

Idea Usher is a pioneering IT company with a definite set of services and solutions. We aim at providing impeccable services to our clients and establishing a reliable relationship.

Our Partners
Newsletter
© Idea Usher. 2024 All rights reserved.